With the exception of experimental pulsed reactors, nuclear reactors are designed to operate in a delayed-critical mode and are provided with safety systems to prevent them from ever achieving prompt criticality.
2.
The region of supercriticality for k > 1 / ( 1-? ) is known as "'prompt supercriticality "'( or prompt criticality ), which is the region in which nuclear weapons operate.
3.
With the exception of research and experimental reactors, only a small number of reactor accidents are thought to have achieved prompt criticality, for example Chernobyl # 4, the U . S . Army's SL-1, and Soviet submarine K-431.
4.
In the Chernobyl disaster, the moderator was not primarily responsible for the primary event; instead, a massive power excursion during a mishandled test caused the catastrophic failure of the reactor vessel and a near-total loss of coolant supply, and as a result, the fuel rods rapidly melted and flowed together while in an extremely-high-power state, causing a small portion of the core to reach a state of runaway prompt criticality and leading to a massive energy release, resulting in catastrophic disassembly of the reactor core and the destruction of the reaction building.
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